does igf 1 lr3 cause muscle hyperplasia Insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency and metabolic syndrome | Journal of Translational Medicine IGF1–PI3K-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy: Implications

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Indeed, many of the traditional CVD risk factors, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein [313], hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia) [314] insulin resistance [309,310,312], diabetes [315], obesity [309,311], elevated C-reactive protein [316], waist-to-hip ratio [309], reduced coronary flow reserve [279], smoking [317], sedentary life [318] and psychological distress [319], which act via effects on endothelial dysfunction, apoptosis and impaired endothelial-dependent vascular reactivity, have been associated with low serum IGF-I levels and reduced IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA as well as protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) [313]

This modification enabled dual targeting of GLUT1 on both intestinal epithelial cells and brain endothelial cells, facilitating multi-targeted treatment of AD [77]