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How Does Treatment Work

10.1186/s12876-022-02137-9 22 DawsonP

1.2 ENS plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of colitis The ENS, composed of a dense network of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs), functions as a dynamic sensor-effector interface capable of detecting and responding to pathophysiological perturbations within the intestinal microenvironment ( 2+ /Zn 2+ -binding protein S100, which is strongly implicated in the initiation and perpetuation of intestinal inflammation in the human colon ( However, recent studies have challenged the presumed specificity of S100 expression in glial cells, revealing its low-level expression in certain immune cells as well ( EGCs express a diverse repertoire of purinergic and adenosine receptors, including P2Y1 (3032), P2Y4 (3335), and A2B receptors (36, 37), alongside the ectoenzyme ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (eNTPDase2)

This is why all B12 treatments experts advise not to retest B12 levels after treatment has begun as they are not a reliable guide to whether treatment is being effective